Tagged with runtime
Python exception handling is strongest when you catch specific built-in errors, use `else` for the success path, `finally` for cleanup, and custom exceptions when domain meaning matters.
Built-in exceptions, try/except/else/finally, custom exceptions, and chaining
The GIL lets only one Python thread execute Python bytecode at a time in CPython.
GIL basics
Python primarily uses reference counting, with cyclic garbage collection to clean objects that reference each other.
How does Python garbage collection work?
Python source is usually compiled to bytecode first, then executed by the interpreter's virtual machine.
Interpreted vs compiled in Python
CPython compiles source to bytecode, may cache it in `.pyc` files, and then runs that bytecode on the Python virtual machine.
Python execution model, bytecode, and PYC files
The REPL is great for quick experiments, while scripts are how you save repeatable program logic.
REPL and script execution in Python
A namespace is a mapping from names to objects, and scope decides which namespace Python checks first.
What is a namespace in Python?
Monkey patching replaces attributes at runtime, often for tests or temporary overrides.
What is monkey patching?
JavaScript handles recoverable runtime failures with exceptions, and you can throw your own error objects when needed.
Error handling in JavaScript: try, catch, finally, throw, and custom errors
JavaScript creates execution contexts for code execution, uses a call stack for active functions, resolves variables through the scope chain, and stores objects in memory.
Execution context, call stack, scope chain, and memory heap in JavaScript