Tagged with oop
A class defines shared behavior, each object holds instance state, `self` refers to the current instance, and `__init__` initializes it.
Classes, objects, `self`, `__init__`, and class vs instance variables
Special methods let your objects behave like built-in types in printing, indexing, length checks, and membership operations.
Common special methods like `__str__`, `__repr__`, `__len__`, `__getitem__`, and `__contains__`
Encapsulation organizes state and behavior, abstraction hides unnecessary detail, polymorphism lets different objects satisfy the same interface, and composition often keeps designs looser than inheritance.
Encapsulation, abstraction, polymorphism, and composition vs inheritance
Inheritance reuses behavior, overriding customizes it, `super()` follows the method resolution order, and multiple inheritance works only if the MRO stays coherent.
Inheritance, multiple inheritance, method overriding, `super()`, and MRO
Instance methods work with object state, class methods work with the class, static methods are utility functions inside the namespace, properties expose attribute-style access, and dataclasses reduce boilerplate.
Instance methods, class methods, static methods, `@property`, setters, deleters, and dataclasses
A single underscore is a convention for internal use, double underscore triggers name mangling in classes, and dunder names are reserved for language-defined behavior.
Single underscore, double underscore, name mangling, and dunder methods
JavaScript classes provide cleaner syntax over prototype-based behavior, including constructors, instance methods, inheritance, and static members.
Class syntax, constructor, instance methods, static methods, inheritance, super, encapsulation basics, and polymorphism basics in JavaScript
Before class syntax, constructor functions and prototypes were the main way to share behavior, and that model still exists underneath modern classes.
Constructor functions, prototypes, and the prototype chain in JavaScript